CS51 - Spring 2010 - Lecture 16

exercise 17.5.1
   public class A {...}
   public class B extends D {...}
   public class C extends A {...}
   public class D extends A {...}
   public class E extends D {...}

   private A someA;
   private B someB;
   private C someC;
   private D someD;
   private E someE;

   - draw the inheritance hierarchy
   - which assignments will cause problems?
      - someD = someB
      - someE = someA
      - someA = someE
      - someD = someC;
   - will the following always, sometimes or never fail:
      someA = new D(...);
      someB = (B)someA;

      someA = new B(...);
      someD = (D)someA;

      someA = new C(...);
      someD = (D)someA;

      someA = someD;
      someB = (B)someA;

      someA = someD;
      someC = (C)someA;

Object class
   - all java classes inherit from the Object class
      - if you create a new class and you don't have an extend statement, it implicitly extends from Object
   - from the Object class, each class inherits
      - equals method
         - though the default just checks using ==, so you should override it in your class if you want it to do the correct thing
      - toString method
         - which allows you to say:
            System.out.println(object);
   - An Object variable can hold any object:
      Object o = new FramedRect(...);
      o = new Tomato(...);
      o = new Ball(...);
   - In general, though, this is discouraged unless necessary. Why?

while loops
   - while(<condition>){
      // do the following
   }
   - as long as <condition> is true, continue in the loop

Take a look at our FallingLeaves demo
   - what pattern did we use to generate 10 leaves in Tree.java?
   - let's look at the construction of the while loop in Tree.java
      - What role does the treeCount variable play?
      - initialize a variable for counting
      - while loop
         - conditioned on the counter
         - inside the while loop we increment the count

      <initial_statement>
      while( <condition> ){
         // do the following
         <update_statement>
      }

for loop
   - doesn't add any functionality to the language
   - makes our life easier
   - makes code easier to understand for certain types of loops
   - for( <initial_statement>; <condition>; <update_statement>){
      // do the following
   }
   - When we first execute the for loop, execute <initial_statement>
      - often used to initialize a counter variable
      - only happens once
   - As long as <condition> is true, continue in the loop
   - At the end of each iteration in the loop, execute <update_statement>
      - often used to increment a counter variable
      - happens EVERY iteration

How can we change our Tree class to use a for loop?

Show Knitting demo again

Show Knitting code
- change this code to use 'for' loops

Fibonacci numbers
   - 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ...
      - first Fibonacci number is 1
      - second is 1
      - thirst is 2
      - etc.
   - what's the pattern?
      - the current number is equal to the sum of the previous two numbers
   - let's write a recursive method to give us the nth fibonacci number
      public int fib(int n)

      - what is the base case?
         - if n is less than or equal to 2
            - return 1
      - what is the recursive case
         fib(n-1) + fib(n-1)

      public int fib(int n){
         if( n <= 2 ){
            return 1;
         }else{
            return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2);
         }
      }

   - How efficient is Fibonacci?
      - look at the call graph for fib

Fibonacci without recursion
   - Do fib(10) on paper...
   - How did you do it?
   - Started at 1, 1, then wrote the numbers out
   - We'd like to write a function that does it this way
   - What do we need?
      - We need some way of keeping track of the intermediary numbers
   - How many numbers do we have?
      - n, if we include the final number
   - Arrays allow us to keep track of a sequence of things, using just one variable
   - Arrays are just like other variables:
      - They have a declaration
         - <type_of_thing>[] <variable_name>;
         - int[] a;
         - double[] b;
         - FramedRect[] c;
      - We can create new arrays: we must specify the length!
         - a = new int[10];
         - b = new FramedRect[1000];
      - Array variables are like any other variables, b's type is "FramedRect[]" for example, that is a FramedRect array
      - An array, contains a set of indexable variables
         - a[index] is just another variable! (of type int)
         - They are indexed starting at 0, so 0 is the first element, 1 the second, etc
         - We can assign to individual elements of arrays
            - a[0] = 50;
            - b[30] = new FramedRect(...);
         - We can access elements in an array
            - int val = a[1] + a[2];
            - b[30].move(...);
   - Back to Fibinacci... How do arrays help us?

   private int fib(int n){
      int[] fibArray = new int[n];

      fibArray[0] = 1;
      fibArray[1] = 1;

      for( int i = 2; i < n; i++ ){
         fibArray[i] = fibArray[i-1] + fibArray[i-2];
      }

      return fibArray[n-1];
   }

Write a function that given an array of ints, returns the largest number in the array
   - what does the function definition look like?

   public int largestNumber(int[] numbers){
      int largest = numbers[0];

      for( int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++ ){
         if( numbers[i] > largest ){
            largest = numbers[i];
         }
      }
   }

   - for loops are very natural for traversing arrays
   - note that length is a public variable not a member function

Show SlidesF09 demo: how can we do this? Hint: use arrays!

Look through SlidesF09 code