1.
def swap(d):
    new_d = {}
    
    for key in d:
        value = d[key]
        new_d[value] = key
        
    return new_d

2.
def capitalized_lies(filename):
    file = open(filename, "r")
    
    count = 0
    
    for line in file:
        if line[0].isupper():
            count += 1
            
    return count

3. True.  The parameter x shadows the global variable x, so even though x gets changed inside the function, it does not affect the global variable x.


4. 
def better_longwinded(a, b, c):
    return a > b and a > c

5.
def add_number_to_dict(d, number):
    for key in d:
        d[key] += number
        
6.
def remove_upper(s):
    lower_s = ""
    
    for ch in s:
        if not ch.isupper():
            lower_s += ch
            
    return lower_s